鈥淪uccess is getting what you want. Happiness is wanting what you get.鈥 鈥 Dale Carnegie.
Discourses on happiness and how to achieve it are currently having quite a moment. But it鈥檚 not the first time this concept has bubbled into prominence.
Centuries ago, Aristotle defined happiness as a central purpose in human life, stating 鈥淗appiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.鈥 In 1776, the Declaration of Independence of the US enshrined 鈥淟ife, liberty and the pursuit of happiness鈥 as 鈥渦nalienable rights鈥 鈥 that is, rights that cannot be taken away or transferred 鈥 that the government was created to protect.
More recently, the book The Art of Happiness 鈥 10th Anniversary Edition, co-authored by the Dalai Lama and Howard Cutler went to substantial lengths to emphasise the difference between happiness and pleasure. The difference is indicated thusly: 鈥淧leasure is externally motivated and fleeting, while happiness relates to the mind and the heart, it is internally generated and constant.鈥
For insurers, understanding the difference between the two concepts can be important, as the norm of marketing to pleasure can many times undercut a client鈥檚 ultimate happiness. A car, for example, is sold as an instrument of both pleasure and happiness for consumers. However, buying an expensive car that dominates one鈥檚 life because of costly upkeep and a high risk of being stolen can bring transitory pleasure, but ultimately, not happiness.
By the same token, a successful pursuit of happiness may not be pleasurable, but the rewards can be greater. For example, learning a foreign language and culture due to a work transfer may not be especially pleasurable, especially if a talent for languages is lacking, but the end result 鈥 the ability to communicate in the local language 鈥 will contribute greatly to happiness in a new locale.
Engaging in long-distance running is another activity that initially may not provide pleasure, but most competitive runners (including myself) will say that the discipline of preparing for and participating in races ultimately provides a unique joy, composed of both happiness and pleasure. Fitness, energy, and the satisfaction of setting and reaching goals (not to mention the endorphins) all contribute to the pleasure and happiness I derive from running.
How do happiness and pleasure apply to the development and sale of protection, accumulation, and divestment (annuity) products? Let鈥檚 consider: The principal objective of buying a life or living benefit insurance product is achieving financial protection from the repercussions of accidents, illness or death. Viewed simply, having insurance can provide peace of mind, a contributing factor to happiness. Hence I would argue that insurance is a happiness-oriented product, and as such, insurers would do well to adopt marketing techniques that can align with outcomes that engender happiness.
However, life insurance is not a product either designed or purchased for either pleasure or happiness. Experts at selling activities and objects of pleasure and aspirational luxury have proved unsuccessful at applying these concepts to life insurance. Still, life insurance advertisements, especially those aimed at high-net-worth customers, tend to show clients in aspirationally happy settings, such as cuddling grandchildren, gazing at sunsets from tropical beaches, or sailing the Caribbean or Mediterranean.
Life insurance is not purchased for pleasure or happiness either, but having it can give a measure of contentment and serenity, both of which are states that can frequently lead to happiness. How can we deliver this message successfully? Many an insurer is investigating the principles of behavioural economics to determine if applying them can benefit sales efforts.
Behavioural economics is the study of psychology as it relates to economic decision-making processes of individuals and institutions. It focuses, in part, on clarifying and understanding some of the fundamentally irrational processes humans use in decision-making in relation to economic activity. Fundamentally, it seeks to determine how to adapt economic frameworks to how people really do think and make decisions, rather than looking for ways to design how they 鈥榮hould鈥 do so.
It has long been known that the context in which information about products is presented to consumers can directly affect their purchase choices. Much has been discussed already about how this aspect of behavioural economics can assist underwriters and sellers of insurance. Incorporating aspects of this way of thinking into life insurance is still in its infancy, so as our understanding grows, there may be substantial potential for innovation and creativity in the design, underwriting and selling of our products.
For me, as an actuary, the question is how best some of the tenets of behavioural economics and psychology can be integrated with the rational nature of actuarial science in order to optimise our products and our efforts to sell them.
See also: The Role of Persuasion and Behavioral Economics in Insurance: How to Sell "Sprouts"
For humans, the pursuit of pleasure is generally a simple activity, whereas finding happiness takes effort and is generally more elusive. For actuaries, taking a role in the design (or redesign) of coverages that can encourage clients to defer present pleasures for future financial security can also provide a friendly nudge toward the Aristotelian ideal of happiness.
Reprinted with permission of Asia Insurance Review (AIR) .